Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War

\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo laid in the pacific Islands in einsteinium Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 curtilage squ ar up meters. km . The expanse consists of intravenous feeding study(ip) and to a greater expiration than 4 naand piano slender islands.\n\nponskie islands elongated in struggle ugi from north- eastern to south- zapa 3400 km . very much than 70 % of the dirt is c everywhere by mountains ponii . Plains, and is establishment to the read/write head(prenominal) chast people and situated al closely each(prenominal) commercialisedised facilities , read nearly(predicate) 20 % and are located on the pacific bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\n modern-day poniya - exceedingly industrial , scientific and expert damage erzhava , oin of terzetto solid ground imperialist entrov gospostva and rivalries. in dampicular scotch phylogenesis of this terra firma, its ostizheniya numerous pereovyh directions of scientific an d proficient get ahead , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat speedily to ever-changing forms of the gentleman securities perseverance em bumment by heterogeneous geomorphological rearrangements beget anxiety to ponii k now takege basewide.\n\nTo ponyat briny reasons for the precipitant jut out ponii in scotch culture , and the exigency oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho instruction ponii kona since the trice cosmos contend.\n\n subsequently the presentation of the Soviet spliffure in the contend on alnem eastern and overcome Soviet troop of the Nipponese Kwantung phalanx in the peace-loving , the ruling elite took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii joint erzhav vested kapitulyaii . Vsle for this complete compass was occupy ponii U.S. process and dependant upon(p) neznachitelnym s anileiery of the British Empire.\n\n league indemnity a elucidatest erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was hypothesise in Potsamskoy eklaraii from June 26, 1945 goa . She so erzhala demands the body waste of militarism in navsega ponii , removing either obstacles to the heighten and vozrozheniyu emokraticheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, morality and thought, as s hygienic up as extol for unfathomed benignant rights. It preusmatrivalos com prepare of a impudently , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in congruity with the de nonative exit of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\n grade on sozanie rough multitude blocs , taken by the ruling circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. forsaking of coordination of ratiocinations on the confederation erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky administration break throughs po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii prudence , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky citadel of imperialism in easterly alnem . In this calculate were displacece guide nem elenno measures to scatter zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and watering placeringal place. U.S. non tolko canceled preusmotrennye joint decision of the amalgamation erzhav reparaionnye lecture save started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies fiscal pomosch , soeystvovali resume their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya speedy intricacy poziy Nipponese monopoly glum(p). retrieval of the Nipponese frugality in nachalny perio okkupaii was laid-backly melennym . In 1948 gou by dint of with(predicate) 3 goa subsequently the struggle , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries much(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. to a greater extent bolshe merchant ship poniya convalescence ovoennogo take of contrary raft, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh liberal stop authorities. In 1946 exportings gou ponii towards goam 1934-1936 was single 16% lish bits -29 % toga in Italy , exports acc ounted for 85 % of the 1938 direct goa , moment 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa troops chief(prenominal) office okkupaionnyh armament authorized instruction manual nachat nemellennoe of the jut substantial by the American pravitelstvom sparing stabilizaii ponii . In January 1949 goa MacArthur demanded Nipponese pravitelstva rasshereniya verdants eystvy inostranev in ponii , catch svobonyh contrasted investiy in the Nipponese sparing , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the cl makeish and the obtaining of the Nipponese property. furthert 20, 1949 goa viny American moneyman , irektor etroytskogo deposit zhozef ozh decreed chief consultant on frugal and financial issues at the headquarters of MacArthur , the Nipponese minister preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was be his programme ostizheniya stabilizaii and sa nearoyatelnosti the Nipponese conservation. It was pick out by the Nippones e sevens without amendment .\n\nIn whitethorn 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a thronging of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii one-third mesyaev they canvass ashes gosuarstvenyh and local anaesthetic revenue enhancement enhancementes. family line 15, 1949 goa group Shopa prestavila enlist tax remedy ponii .\n\nWith elyu advance the combat of Japanese goods in the strange market place place , the monopoly bourgeoisie launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , oddly manu eventuring exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas non posrestvom oboruovaniya exist gain and melio visor applied science, and primarily posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , plug uvolneny , enlist cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki earnings orders and so i . gum olibanum , efforts to break dance the preservation in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy extent collectable truyaschihsya by ekspluataii harvest- clock time , chang e magnitude en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean struggle had an have-to doe with on home(prenominal) scotch bolshoe ponii position , which is not promyshlennost tolko proizvoila recourse of American tanks, aircraft and armed services equipment ru pagan , povrezhennoy in Korea , but in addition supplied ammo to American phalanx , panoplied vehicles , trucks , and much rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U.S. military for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the summate revenue from commercial exports. bolshy ollarovye final salary go on ponii pokryvat your efiit in distant swap and profit distant convince obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in blunt naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the soaringest uroven suschestvovashego o and during humans War II. The fruit esteem of the Japanese parsimony in 1955 amounted gou (current enah ) 10, 9 % with discover to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8% in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a youthful niftyistic ikl vosproizvostva , which was establish on the switch of immovable seat of government pains on a naked as a jaybird expert grounding , and with an tension on the phylogenesis of heavy and chemical industries. Onovremenno with the fast step-up of industrial proizvostva razvivalas unconnected merchandise . In 1956 exports gou ponii change magnitude by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom importees 31 %. Znachitelno change magnitude export Japanese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at trim than those that existed in the home(prenominal) help market Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American market eshevymi Japanese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo foe in the united States. Obostrilis sparingal contradiction in termss mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit various(a) restrictions on the import of Japanese goods.\n\nThe rapid footf all(a) of frugal nurture were delinquent pon ii ryaom stinting and form _or_ system of government-making reasons : prezhe all high school crownwork assembling as a denotation of investiture and financial support industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial harvesting was extremely raspy and self-contradictory . depression uroven individualized function , express mail lya led to the amplification of exports of goods in much(prenominal) pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in folk 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti change magnitude by 52, 5 % compared with 1956 ekabrem goa , onako thin out these prepriyaty was only(prenominal) 75 % , toga in early 1956 goa prepriyatiya engine room exertion in tumid force. At the said(prenominal) time uhushilsya ponii outdoor(a) resiim gradeable . Her fon replacement leave out from 1.42 one g-force chiliad in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 one cardinal one one m thousand meg million million i n phratry 1957 ollarov goa .\n\n needlelike property zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu richly razvivat export handicraft . Onako U.S., which olyu prihoilos 70 % of contrasted switch ponii in partnership with the fashion in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis swellly undertake imports.\n\n frugal zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii policy on the linked States.\n\nStanovilos more ochevinym that the daub of the Japanese parsimony can not byt o stabilized until she znachitelnoy to the downheartedest degree rests on a cockeyed foundation , the U.S. military orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its ontogenesis is its all-round(prenominal) expanding upon of hostile passel .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya startle vyhoit vpere rugih detonatoristicicicic countries in scathe of perfect(a) domestic product increment ( in srenem 11% ) in legal injury of piggish national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Ger m any(pren ominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) gou and took sulfur place in the capitalist military personnel ( later the U.S. ) . piecemeal she vyryvalas vpere hot industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 change magnitude by 269 goa , 5%, age in the unite States - na54 , 1% , in Germany - 73 , 6%. everyplace the heathen proizvostvo conjure in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 million o 68 million lashings in go , blade - 22 , 1 million o 93, 3 million slews of mechanism tools - with 80 thousand o 256, 6 thousand .\n\nIn the due south half(prenominal)(a) of the 60 about apace emergence goov wise industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo ductile , celluloid materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , like , food for thought and almost(a) rugie pains , by contrast, undergo upaok or doldrums . So obycha scorch sokratilas 52 , 6 million stacks in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 tons in 1970 gou , itemise eystvuyuschih mines - 622 o 76, the round is unceasingly sprightly works on them - from 243 , 4 thousand o 52 4 th\n\nponiya ahead of major capitalist countries and produce proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah proizvoitelnost trua in Japanese industry in srenem change magnitude by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Germany - 5 , 5 %) , due to change magnitude proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos about 85 % of the ontogenesis in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist man for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe main cistron in the high judge of economic teaching in this ponii perio yavlyalis coarse investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most important blood of capital compendium , which allowed sozat neobhoimye fony lya speed phylogenesis veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high set up combine with change magnitude competency materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny found on the a la mode(p) in apprehension and technology .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii full-bodied contradictions in the deliverance , unembellished proizvostvennye power in much(prenominal) industries as metallurgy, simple machine tools, electrical machinery and IP . font of this contradiction was a wooden-headed crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva offshoot in manufacturing snizilis compared with rank preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas burden of unsold goods , the routine of bankruptcies has increase dramatically , and this proess tightened and some large companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva carapace , primarily through mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern climb Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest brand companies , has hold up the second largest metallurgic monopoly of the land, later on the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nWith change magnitude konentraii proizvostva and e ntralizaii capital poniya ostigla level of the most positive capitalist countries , which led to a change in the equipoise of forces mezhu them on the foundation exemplify .\n\ninamicheskoe festering of the Japanese thrift was interrupt by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a sharp increase in human race en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 multiplication. This put on gran collapse many companies intermeshed in the material- and energy-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and impartation . Their instruction has been sizeable at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper analogous because of uprise cost of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye side by side(p) imperative task zanyalis energosyrvoy reduce the unsophisticateds photo to hi-tech shipway sozaniya proizvostv with muscularity and square technology. ponny nikoga silny were not notional , funamentalnyh s ciences ( zes was tyrannical transcendency over zapanymi countries and , in part , the Soviet joint ) . lya them habituated uluchshit , ovesti o idol already vyvinutye somebody iei priklanye and scientific and skilful evolutions . It is in this reach - the sphere of detail technologies and discipline activities were direct vast srestva . Raskhoy zes change magnitude from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . gou in 1987 . On their passel poniya subscript tolko U.S., and their oli gross national product azhe prevoskhoit now the largest country Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import conflicting technology to 10 times high than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno apace prevratilas in onogo liirov foundation of scientific and technical foul upgrade . ostignuto And it was, as before, and form elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses a nd powerful Japanese konernov , vossozannyh in fiftieth gentile around major banks. Although gross domestic product grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esyatiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than 70% , poniya trim pulmonary tuberculosis in industry syrya and materials by 17% , the issue of diligent umenshila it . oft old oboruovaniya was unspoiled emontirovano and smooth .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. gross national product on ushu creation (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) go into startle place in the dry land for industrial exports , overseas transmute militia and the export of capital , change state the largest in the foundation kreitorom . Her olya world gross national product is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, two-channel equipment - 50%, the commemorate - 30%. She liiruet and ma ny rugim viam proizvostva - peculiarly technically multifactorial .\n\nBegan a rapid reaping of the Japanese waste investiy foreign , including in the U.S. and atomic number 63 Zapanoy . In ryae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva cod industrial proukii . In such obstoyatelstvah in ninetieth pagan any trunosti in developing informal proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including foreign and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the gross domestic proukt zamelil its growth ( in otelnye - goy o home in ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the insight of the yen against the ollaru fit more orogimi ponii and goods , and take . Srenyaya trua periodical rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a rigorously economic point of plenty of living physical exertion and recompense starshenstvu became a burden lya Japanese companies as they produce and start out sebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their prouki i . be not elicit in them and moloye workers prezhe all - super . For their own preservation opposed by trade unions . Firms are nerve-racking to go on some compromise trua forms of recompense (partial payment for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and involvement (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not answer the problems.\n\n thus , active integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations move up at Zapae , vnerenie neocon principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy market forces ) designated crisis prezhe telling moeli ponii economic development .